Pesky ability to penetrate barriers-a phenomenon known as quantum tunneling. And at the heart of the problem lies quantum mechanics. But now this steady progress is under threat. This trend has given rise to one of the longest and greatest winning streaks in industrial history, bringing us gadgets, capabilities, and conveniences that previous generations could scarcely have imagined. And as the MOSFET has become tinier, generation after generation, the chips based on it have become much faster and less power hungry than their predecessors. This device, which is the building block of most integrated circuits, has shrunk a thousandfold over the past half century, from the tens-of-micrometers scale in the 1960s to tens of nanometers today. ![]() ![]() Our always-on world of PCs, tablets, and smartphones has come about because of one remarkable trend: the relentless miniaturization of the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor, or MOSFET.
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